Mastering Medium Voltage Single Line and Relay & Metering
Mastering Medium Voltage Single Line and Relay & Metering, Learn from Professionals, Electrical Power Engineering.
The capability of reading different types of drawings is an essential skill to perform almost all of the engineering tasks. The engineering drawings form the building blocks of industry method to convey detailed information to implement, gather, troubleshoot, maintain, and run a system. Basically, the very first step to learning how to read such drawings is to become acquainted with standard procedures and basic symbols that are utilized in these drawings.
The information contained outside the drawing areas in a print is essential to comprehend the given information in the drawing areas. The title block, revision block, grid system, notes, and legend are all examples of the non-drawing areas in the print.
Usually, the terms print, diagram, and drawing are used interchangeably to indicate the full drawing package.
Generally, engineering drawings are classified into five main areas:
Title,
Grid,
Revision,
Notes and legend, and
Graphic
A schematic diagram is a graphical representation of system components functional formation rather than the physical formation. The schematics are categorized into three types: Single-line diagram, AC schematic diagram, and DC schematic diagram.
The detail level of these drawings falls in a spectrum in which the single-line drawing is at one end holding the least detailed and most simplified drawing type while the wiring drawing is located at the opposite end that is the most detailed and complicated type.
Substation system complexity level differs according to several factors, such as busbar arrangement, protection functions, CT/PT configurations, number of incomer/feeder circuits, and otherwise. Moreover, the CT and PT tracing and troubleshooting can be burdensome, especially for those who do not master drawing reading skills.
1. Single-Line Diagram
A complete single-line diagram along with the physical installment layout should be sufficient to properly plan and assess power systems. Broadly, there are two types of the single-line diagram: the system single-line diagram and the equipment single-line diagram.
The former is a general system layout that does not usually provide much detailed information, while the latter is more descriptive in terms of system capacity, control, protection, etc. The equipment single-line diagram could be for transformers, motors, busbars, feeders, or any subsystem of interest.
The single-line diagram should contain at least the following:
Power sources in conjunction with voltage level and available short circuit current
Conductor specifications, including size, ampacities, types, and total number
Transformers’ ratings, capacities, impedances, voltages, vector groups, and grounding arrangement
Protective elements quantity and type identification (i.e. fuse, breaker, and relay)
Instrument transformers (CT & PT) ratios
Capacitors and surge arrestors locations and types
Loads (learn about load flow calculation and network planning)
Any other distribution equipment
Relay type and setting on utility source for both phase and ground faults
Details of connections and geographical locations are not important for the single-line diagram, as it needs to remain as simple as possible. After being familiar with the universally accepted single-line diagram symbols and what are the possible structure of it, one can proceed to read and understand the electric system at hand.
A single-line diagram often starts from the top of the page working its way to the bottom. It starts with utility supply or any given incomer and keeps flowing down till the load centers. Of course, one needs to pay attention to all given component details as mentioned above along the road.
It is helpful to segregate a given drawing into sections for easier analysis. For example, the main substation that has incomers delivering the bulk power from the supplier, the primary and secondary distribution, and a local generation (if any) compose one single-line diagram.
